Free Essays on Nike

From 1948 to 1973 Bill Bowerman was the head track coach for The University of Oregon, in Eugene. He was also an Olympian and an Olympic track coach. These were only some of his small steps he had taken towards rewriting to scrip for the new generations of athletes. In 1957, Phil Knight joined the University of Oregon track team as a middle-distance runner. Knight after receiving his degree in accounting from Oregon, he went to Stanford in hopes of an MBA. Soon after Knight graduated from Stanford he took a tour around the world. While traveling, Knight stopped in Japan to contact Onitsuka Tiger Company, who manufactures quality athletic shoes. His hopes were to convince them there were great marketing opportunities for their product in the United States. Knight was able to persuade them to manufacture his athletic shoe by telling Onitsuka Tiger Co. he owns his own company, which he called Blue Ribbon Sports. Now all Knight needed was some help to market and finance the start up cost of the company. In 1962 he returned to Eugene, Oregon, home of his former track coach and at that time still the powerhouse of American track and field. Knight approached Bowerman with a business plan for bringing low-priced, high-technologic, athletic shoes from Japan and marketing it in the U.S. Knight’s hopes were to remove the German domination in the U.S. athletic footwear industry. By early 1963 Bowerman and Knight formed a partnership under Blue Ribbon Sports. After each partner contributed $500 and shook hands, they started importing their Tiger shoes. Their first shipment of 200 shoes from Onitsuka Tiger Co. arrived in December of 1963. Knight, who worked for an accounting firm, used his spare time to promotion and selling the Tiger Shoe. He early distribution efforts were to sell the shoe out of his parents’ basement and out of the back of his car at local and regional track meets. Pretty soon, shoes from Blue Ribbon S... Free Essays on Nike Free Essays on Nike Do most consumers shop with a â€Å"social conscience?† (Think about it. Are you aware of where the products you purchase are made and under what conditions they are manufactured?) When consumers buy products, without knowledge of their origins, they could easily be breaching their own code of ethics. This is clearly seen in an assortment of industries. Each year hundreds of companies employ foreign labor for low wages and in terrible working conditions. For example, much public attention had been brought to Kathy Lee Gifford and her â€Å"sweatshops† overseas, as well as other unfair labor practices in third world countries. One of the greatest participants in this mistreatment of workers is the Nike Corporation. To earn the maximum profit for their products, Nike exploits thousands of workers each year by offering them diminutive wages and the worst conditions to work under. When famous athletes endorse Nike and consumers continue to purchase their products, they only encourage and support these inhumane practices causing them to virtually go unnoticed (Greene, 1998). Last August Donna Greene of the New York Times conducted an interview with Dr. Fredrica Rudell, Associate Professor of Marketing and Chairwoman of the Department of Marketing and International Business at Iona College in New Rochelle, on the subject of shopping with a â€Å"social conscience.† Dr. Rudell, who has chaired the Environmental Concerns Committee of Iona’s Peace and Justice Program for sixteen years, believes that each time a consumer buys a product he or she casts a â€Å"vote for the company that made the product†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Greene 1998). Dr. Rudell points out that companies respond well to what the consumers have to say, citing the environmental and health movements as examples. The Nike Corporation, unsurprisingly, was mentioned several times during the interview. She criticized their labor practices and pointed out that until the public pressured Nike ... Free Essays on Nike Introduction Timing Nike’s success can be attributed to the era of â€Å"fitness craze† in 80s, when indoor activity like aerobics became enormously popular. There was a revolutionary change in how people perceived about sports. No longer sports were regarded as merely for recreation. Rather, sports are essential in order to live in healthy and productive life. More and more people start to exercise among poplar ones were jogging and aerobics. As result, demand for athlete footwear increased. In 80s, Reebok with their stylish â€Å"FreeStyle† shoes, specifically for indoor activities, was number one at the time. But, very soon eventually Nike would take over Reebok and become dominant force in athlete footwear and apparel industry. Marketing Strategy Probably the most important marketing strategy( and very successful one) was endorsement of top athletes in every sport. It is this strategy that enable Nike to extend its popularity â€Å"beyond one segment, but in to children’s men’s, women’s and all the levels (cross-training, basketball, etc.)†( Peedin: 3).Endorsement was the primary weapon being used to attain its goals to dominate the market. Nike was pioneer in endorsing famous athletes to promote the products. It was not after proving the effectiveness of endorsement, other companies, such as Reebok, followed the footstep of Nike. First athlete to be endorsed was running star Steve Prefontaine in 1973 . Then came along with Jimmy Connors, tennis star in 1974. And in 1985, Michael Jordan, the most important athlete Nike ever had(Peedin: 3). The strategy was to make connection between products and athletes, not to emphasize the product itself in advertisement. To do so, Weiden & Kennedy, Nike’s advertising company, applies â€Å"image transfer†(#1). It is a method â€Å"to create a mood, an attitude, and then associate the product with that mood†. A connection implies that the best athletes prefer Nike products. For example, one c... Free Essays on Nike Nike is in the footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessory products industry. All of Nike’s chief products are athletically inspired. Its footwear consists of Men’s, Women’s, and Children’s shoes; further subdivided into the following categories: Running, Basketball, and Cross-raining. Nike’s shoes also address the market for outdoor activities. Its thorough response to these activities has been the introduction of the following shoe designs: tennis, golf, soccer, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, street/roller/ice hokey, and hiking. Nike is further addressing new niche markets every year. The principal products used in Nike’s footwear products are natural and synthetic rubber, plastic compounds, foam cushioning materials, nylon, leather, canvas, and polyurethane films used to make AIR-SOLE cushioning components. The main components used in making Nike’s apparel products are natural and synthetic fabrics and threads, plastic and metal hardware, and specialized performance fabrics designed to repel rain, retain heat, or efficiently transport body moisture. As of last year, Nike’s sales revenue was approximately $10.697 billion. The mix of Nike’s product sales varies considerably due to changes in seasonal and geographic demand for particular types of footwear, equipment and apparel. During fiscal 2003, Nike’s sales in the U.S. accounted for roughly 49 percent of total revenues as opposed to 51 percent in international markets. Total assets in 2003 were approximately $6.714 billion. This was comprised of cash and equivalents of $634 million, inventories of $1.515 billion, and working capital of $2.665 billion. As of May 31, 2003, Nike employed approximately 23,300 people. It is interesting to note that there has never been a material interruption of operations due to labor disagreements. Nike’s domestic distribution centers for footwear are loca... Free Essays on Nike Nike In today’s society, companies are striving for excellence. There are not many companies out there that we can say are excellent. The ones that we say are excellent have become that way because they have succeeded in four different areas, consumer excellence, product development, good promotional planning, and sponsorship. Nike has succeeded in all four areas and has benefited tremendously in their efforts to establish themselves as the top sportswear selling company in the world. Nike designs, develops, and markets high quality footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessory products. Nike is the largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world. They have been around for many years and have developed themselves as the most popular brand name in the sportswear industry. The company sells its products to approximately nineteen-thousand retail accounts in the United States and through a mix of independent distributors and licensees in approximately one hundred and forty countries around the world. Continuing, consumers around the world have become very loyal to Nike’s products and services. One of the main reasons why Nike has become so successful is because their consumers are extremely loyal and continue purchasing their products year after year. As expected, there are tremendous amounts of people ranging from the ages of five to eighteen purchasing Nike footwear and apparel. What society hasn’t expected is that people also ranging in age from twenty to forty year olds purchase Nike products. Males dominate most of Nike sales because in the past Nike has marketed their products to mainly male athletes. This is overwhelmingly true of course, but what Nike is now trying to do to make things both male and female orientated by intensifying the competition in the women’s market. They have recently hired Clare Hamil to VP of Women’s Business and are formatting a new unit to focus on w... Free Essays on Nike Introduction Former University of Oregon track coach and co-founder of Nike Bill Bowerman once said: â€Å"If you have a body, you are an athlete!† (NikeBiz) This way of thinking is how Nike conducts every aspect of their business. Every person is a potential athlete or â€Å"consumer†. This is a common term when used in the realm of athletics but when Bill Bowerman said this it was in direct reference to the shoe industry. From their marketing strategies to their selling philosophies, Nike has developed one of the most recognizable and demanded name and logo tandems ever. Nike, which is the Greek Goddess of Victory, was born in 1972 when BRS, Blue Ribbon Sports, launched its first branded shoe at the U.S. Olympic track and field trials. A former University of Oregon track team member Phil Knight created Blue Ribbon Sports. At Oregon, Knight was coached by the legendary Bill Bowerman and then went on to become and alumni of the Stanford School of Business. BRS was crafted in 1962 when Knight made a deal with Onitsuka Tiger Company, a Japanese shoe company, to import their shoe to the United States. Knight had the idea to sell a low cost shoe with a very high quality. Knight had high aspirations of taking Adidas out the top spot in the athletic shoe market. In 1964, Bill Bowerman decided to join Knight as a partner at BRS to create a joint quest to be number one. Bowerman redesigned the Tiger shoes while Knight acted as the accountant/personal seller and went on the road to sell their newly crafted sneakers at track meets and local shoe stores. By 1966, Blue Ribbon Sports opened their first store in Portland, Oregon. Knight and Bowerman managed the store with the only other employee being a former Stanford runner Jeff Johnson. (story/chrono, 1) Signing First Endorsers During 1971, BRS caught a break when a trading company called Nissho Iwai introduced BRS to important letters of credit. This credit allowed BRS to subcontract it... Free Essays on NIke From 1948 to 1973 Bill Bowerman was the head track coach for The University of Oregon, in Eugene. He was also an Olympian and an Olympic track coach. These were only some of his small steps he had taken towards rewriting to scrip for the new generations of athletes. In 1957, Phil Knight joined the University of Oregon track team as a middle-distance runner. Knight after receiving his degree in accounting from Oregon, he went to Stanford in hopes of an MBA. Soon after Knight graduated from Stanford he took a tour around the world. While traveling, Knight stopped in Japan to contact Onitsuka Tiger Company, who manufactures quality athletic shoes. His hopes were to convince them there were great marketing opportunities for their product in the United States. Knight was able to persuade them to manufacture his athletic shoe by telling Onitsuka Tiger Co. he owns his own company, which he called Blue Ribbon Sports. Now all Knight needed was some help to market and finance the start up cost of the company. In 1962 he returned to Eugene, Oregon, home of his former track coach and at that time still the powerhouse of American track and field. Knight approached Bowerman with a business plan for bringing low-priced, high-technologic, athletic shoes from Japan and marketing it in the U.S. Knight’s hopes were to remove the German domination in the U.S. athletic footwear industry. By early 1963 Bowerman and Knight formed a partnership under Blue Ribbon Sports. After each partner contributed $500 and shook hands, they started importing their Tiger shoes. Their first shipment of 200 shoes from Onitsuka Tiger Co. arrived in December of 1963. Knight, who worked for an accounting firm, used his spare time to promotion and selling the Tiger Shoe. He early distribution efforts were to sell the shoe out of his parents’ basement and out of the back of his car at local and regional track meets. Pretty soon, shoes from Blue Ribbon S...

Using the Latin Supine for Verbal Nouns

Using the Latin Supine for Verbal Nouns The supine is a Latin verbal noun. Since it is a noun it has a declension, but it only appears in the accusative and ablative singular. To decline the supine, use the fourth declension. Since you only need the accusative and ablative singular, the only endings you use are -um and -u. The tricky part, if you dont have a dictionary, is figuring out the stem to which to add the -um (used for purpose with verbs of motion; translated like an infinitive) or -u (used with adjectives and sometimes verbs). This depends on the conjugation to which the verb belongs. If you have a dictionary, the fourth principal part is usually the supine, but with an  us ending. To Form  the Supine for Verbs in the 1st conjugation - remove ending but keep thematic vowel (a); add a -t- and then add the 4th declension endings (either -um or -u), as in paratum.2nd conjugation - remove ending and thematic vowel (e); add -it- and then add the 4th declension endings (either -um or -u), as in habitum3rd conjugation, you must deal with irregularities. The supine of mittere is missum, but the supine of capere is captum. Although this may not be entirely predictable, the supine is usually used as the fourth principal part in the dictionary entry for the verb, so it should be familiar.4th conjugation - remove ending but keep thematic vowel (i); add a -t- and then add the 4th declension endings (either -um or -u), as in auditum. Examples of the Supine Venerunt visum they came to see.Mirabile dictu wondrous to say. Can you figure out why you would probably not use the supine to say they walk to work using  4th declension nouns?

Is cheating wrong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Is cheating wrong - Essay Example ntage in competitions it is considered to be violation of objective sports rules, because the results under dope aren’t the objective estimation of abilities of the sportsman’s body. That’s why dope-control was invented to make sports results objective, otherwise sports would have become a competition of the best dopes invented. Thinking about such global realms as politics cheating is even worse here. When we face with such thing as ballot-box stuffing on elections we always consider it as an outrage of human’s rights and the main principles of democracy. If a politician wins elections using illegal cheatings than lately his directory can lead to terrible consequences and the entire country can suffer. Any cheating is violation of the objective and moral principles established long time ago. If we start considering cheating as something normal it will mean that we allow people to do whatever they want. And when the forbidden principles become allowed it means that we lose the fringe between good and bad, which itself is very

Un Decided (Can be chosen from 6 topics in the handout uploaded) Essay

Un Decided (Can be chosen from 6 topics in the handout uploaded) - Essay Example 17). Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau talk about the social contract because man lived in a State of Nature and the social contract serves as the gateway to the civil society. It is important to note that three philosophers have their distinct view of the state of nature and have made their contribution to the social contract theory, but all share these principles. The social contract theory by Thomas Hobbes deviated from the above views which were major proponents of theories by John Locke and Rousseau hugely influenced by his views on the state of nature (Markfield 2006, p.35). Hobbes advanced for a more power vested in the government because of his views that humans are generally selfish seen in salvage in the state of nature before civilization or civil society The main aim for this essay paper is to address the question of what is the role of social contract in western political theory. The objective of this essay paper is to list each role of a social contract and give an in-depth explanation as to how it is a role in relation to the western theory of politics. It will give a brief introduction and understanding of the theory of western politics. The theory of social contract originates from the concept that the society needs just as well as the need for a just people (Huttegger and Smead 2011, p.15). With a keen look at the works of Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, this essay paper intends to give a clear perspective on the role of social contract in western political theory. The basic understanding of a social contract is to create a voluntary contract. This contract helps the society to shift from a state of nature to a state of civilization. The term â€Å"state of nature† is similar to the operating of the animal kingdom. It is important to note that the security of a person is very much dependent on the person’s power. Social contract strives to provide a

Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Essay Do you like to eat fast food Nowdays people’s lives are becoming faster and faster. Because of a tight schedule, many people decide to eat fast food. Fast food is a western food. Fast food refers to any poor nutrition food that is easily prepared. Fast food may include chips, hot pies, sandwiches, burgers, kebabs, pizzas, soups, and salads. It also includes drinks, for instance, milkshakes, and soft drinks. Fast food has advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages of fast food are that fast food is cheap, time saving, and quick. Fast Food Saves Time People can order fast food on their way to or from work, without ever leaving their car, which is drive thru. Fast food is also designed to come in small packaging, So that people can consume it while traveling. Light on the Wallet Its means Eating fast food can save a lot of money for large families, students and anyone else looking to eat out without breaking the bank. Many fast food chains offer discount menus with foods costing. Customers also avoid having to leave a tip when they choose a fast food establishment over a typical restaurant. Easy to find place Some of the most popular fast food chains include McDonalds, KFC, Burger King, Pizza Hut, Dunkin Donuts, and many more. Despite of having many advantages, fast food has many disadvantages including obesity and different kinds of diseases. Obesity Extra calories can lead to being overweight or obese. As we know children nowadays like to eat fast food. So the percentages of obesity among children increase from year to year. With obesity come other problems like high blood pressure, the increasing of cholesterol and other related diseases of the heart that can lead to heart attack and many more serious diseases. Fast food has advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages are that it is easy, quick, and inexpensive. On the other hand, some of the disadvantages are that it causes obesity and different kinds of diseases. Eating fast food is like playing with our health and if we lose our health neither the money, nor the time can get it back.

Breastfeeding vs. Bottle Feeding Essay -- Breastfeeding vs. Formula

Very few experts disagree with the fact that breastfeeding is the optimal choice for the infant. However, decreasing breastfeeding rates raise many questions as to why mothers are not choosing the best nutritional choice for their children. Despite breast milk being the obvious choice for infant feeding due to the health, psychological, and economic benefits, many mothers still decide to feed their infants formula due to lack of knowledge and support, difficulties with breastfeeding, and social embarrassment. Changes need to be made with formula companies, medical professionals, and the public opinion of breastfeeding in order to give nursing mothers the support they deserve. The main factor in encouraging breastfeeding is the emphasis on the major health benefits for both the mother and the child. Many researchers have concluded that breast milk helps improve overall infant health and reduces risks of some diseases and cancers for the infant as well as the mother. According to Newman and Pitman, there are numerous health benefits for a breastfed infant. They describe that breast milk contains anti-bodies that keep a child from getting ill, and that the milk’s composition changes as the child grows to better protect and benefit the immune system and growth of the child (Newman, Pitman 19). The most immediate health benefit for the infant is the reduction of the chances of an infant dying from sudden infant death syndrome, more commonly known as SIDS or crib death (Newman, Pitman 11). More long term benefits are reductions for the chances of a child developing diabetes, asthma and other respiratory diseases, ear infections, and even cancer development during childhood. There is also evidence of a reduced chance of a breastfed ch ild developing Crohn’s disease or forms of heart disease, as well as minor health problems such as allergies and eczema (Newman, Pitman 11-12). Newman and Pitman also write that children who were breastfed show signs of more enhanced brain development and tend to score higher on tests than those children who were formula fed, due to the fact that breast milk is made for humans by humans and therefore already contains the nutrients that are essential to brain development (10). As is the case with infants, breastfeeding also contributes to health benefits for the mother. In an article published in the Journal of Women’s Health, God... ... Dorota Iwaniec, et al. "Breast Is Best? Reasons Why Mothers Decide To Breastfeed Or Bottlefeed Their Babies And Factors Influencing The Duration Of Breastfeeding." Child Care In Practice 12.3 (2006): 283-297. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. Foss, Katherine A., and Brian G. Southwell. "Infant Feeding And The Media: The Relationship Between Parents' Magazine Content And Breastfeeding, 1972-2000." International Breastfeeding Journal 1.(2006): 1-9. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. Godfrey, Jodi R., and Ruth A. Lawrence. "Toward Optimal Health: The Maternal Benefits Of Breastfeeding." Journal Of Women's Health (15409996) 19.9 (2010): 15971602. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Newman, Jack and Teresa Pitman. The Ultimate Breastfeeding Book of Answers. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006. Print. United States. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding. Washington: GPO, 2011. Print. Weimer, John P. United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. The Economic Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Review and Analysis. Washington: 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.

Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Buying Behavior Essay

Gone those days where brands were limited and their tag lines were enough for the publicity, for e.g. â€Å"Thanda matlab coca- cola† this tag line of coca cola helped a lot in terms of profit maximization and brand building.As the time passes a cut throat competition is taking place and every one is trying to put their product superior than their competitors. For this, they have endorsed the celebrity in advertisement to make their product popular as well as unique. The use of a celebrity in an advertisement is like the bridge between the producer and the consumer. For targeting the customers, they select the celebrity as per their product’s demand for e.g. life insurance companies for targeting the older customers endorses the celebrity which are more than 60 years and for the soft drinks and juices they endorses young celebrities.(Clemente N. Mark, 2002) The personality and credibility of an endorser plays a very important role for promoting the product because it directly reflects the product’s quality and reliability. For e.g. Cement companies always endorses the powerful and strong celebrity like sunny deol , dara singh, amitabh bachan etc. There are many reasons for celebrity endorsement by companies but the most important is that through endorser’s high appeal and proper message in the advertisement they are able to segregate their targeted customers easily.(Kulkarni & Gaulkar, 2005) Conclusion Celebrity endorsement is the very important and basic tool for the promotion of the product and now – a- days it is become a trend for the product marketing and brand building. However, it is easy to select a celebrity but it is very difficult to establish a strong relationship between the product and the endorser. The celebrity can make a better brand image and also helpful for profit maximization.

Hcr Week 8

Week 8 Checkpoint 1. Assault: When someone attempts to harm or threatens someone else. 2. Breach of Confidentiality: Is when information has been released to someone who is not authorized to have it, or without the patients consent. 3. Battery: Touching a person without their permission. 4. Burden of Proof: Is the responsibility to prove harm or wrongdoing. 5. Defendant: This is the person that is being sued, or needs to defend themselves in court. 6. Contempt of Court: This is when someone is not obeying court orders, which can be punishable by jail time and/or fine(s). . Confidentiality: Keeping information that is secret, and only the patient can give permission to release this information. 8. Coroner: This is someone who investigates a death that was not because of a natural cause. 9. Court Order: This is a written command or order that is issued by a judge or by the court. 10. Deposition: This is part of a discovery where both sides of a case can get sworn statements from a witn ess, and find out if the witness is credible. Also, to see where the other side of the case is weak so that they can use it against them to win the case. 1. Discovery: This is a legal process where lawyers obtain all of the information that pertains to a case including witness lists (and more) so that the other side can prepare for court. 12. Covered Entities: These are private or public organizations that must follow the HIPPA laws. 13. Privileged Communication: This is private information. 14. Negligence: This is when someone fails to provide reasonable care resulting in an accidental injury to someone else. 15. Plaintiff: This is someone who initiates a court complaint.

Pros and Cons of Debt Consolidation Loans

Pros and Cons of Debt Consolidation Loans What Is Debt Consolidation? Debt consolidation is primarily designed for unsecured debt (i.e. debt that is not secured by assets).  When you consolidate your debt, you take out a loan to pay off several other debts. This allows you to consolidate the money you owe into one payment.   Pros of Debt Consolidation There are many reasons why people consider debt consolidation. However, it is important to understand that there is no easy out when it comes to debt. Some of the bigger advantages of debt consolidation include: A debt consolidation loan could be attractive if you have multiple payments. Maybe you ran up your credit cards while you were in business school, or you have a number of high interest installment loans (student loans, car loan, etc.) A debt consolidation loan will allow you to roll all of these payments into one single payment. If you have an easier time making your payments, you might be able to avoid late fees, extra charges, and the bad credit that will inevitably result when you cant afford to pay regular bills.It may be possible to get a lower interest rate on a debt consolidation loan - or at least a rate that is lower than the current rates you are paying on your debt. Cons of Debt Consolidation For some people, debt consolidation may not be the answer. In fact, it could do further harm to your financial situation. You must consider all of the cons of debt consolidation before making any decisions. Some of the most common drawbacks include: Debt consolidation doesnt reduce debt, so a debt consolidation loan might not actually do anything to help your financial situation.  It can be really hard to find fair interest rates on debt consolidation loans. If the rate on your new loan isnt any better than the rate you pay on your current debt, consolidating your loans or credit card debt wouldnt make much sense.Debt consolidation can make debts more expensive and make it take longer to pay them off. Remember, when you consolidate debt, you still end up owing the same amount of money. The main difference is usually the length of the term. A longer term could just mean that you end up paying more money through interest in the long run. Use this debt consolidation calculator from Bankrate to crunch the numbers.If you work with a debt consolidation company, you dont take out a loan - you give them money each month and they pay your creditors. Debt consolidation companies are in the business of making money - and some of them are scammers - so you need to be careful about who you hire to help you with your debt problem. Should You Consolidate Debt? Debt consolidation isnt the best solution for everyone. It simply depends on your current financial situation. If you are trying to decide whether or not debt consolidation can help you save money, you should contact a financial professional who can help you crunch the numbers. You may also want to consider credit counseling from a nonprofit organization like the  National Foundation for Credit Counseling.

Biography of Sir Isaac Newton, Influential Scientist

Biography of Sir Isaac Newton, Influential Scientist Sir Isaac Newton (Jan. 4, 1643–March 31, 1727) was a superstar of physics, math, and astronomy even in his own time. He occupied the chair of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge in England, the same role later filled, centuries later, by Stephen Hawking. Newton conceived of several laws of motion, influential mathematical principals which, to this day, scientists use to explain how the universe works. Fast Facts: Sir Isaac Newton Known For: Developed laws that explain how the universe worksBorn: Jan. 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, EnglandParents: Isaac Newton, Hannah AyscoughDied: March 20, 1727 in Middlesex, EnglandEducation: Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1665)Published Works: De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas (1669, published 1711), Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Opticks (1704)Awards and Honors: Fellowship of the Royal Society  (1672), Knight Bachelor (1705)Notable Quote: If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants. Early Years and Influences Newton was born in 1642 in a manor house in Lincolnshire, England. His father had died two months before his birth. When Newton was 3 his mother remarried and he remained with his grandmother. He was not interested in the family farm, so he was sent to Cambridge University to study. Newton was born just a short time after the death of  Galileo, one of the greatest scientists of all time. Galileo had proved that the planets revolve around the sun, not the earth as people thought at the time. Newton was very interested in the discoveries of Galileo and others. Newton thought the universe worked like a machine and that a few simple laws governed it. Like Galileo, he realized that mathematics was the way to explain and prove those laws. Laws of Motion Newton formulated laws of motion and gravitation. These laws are math formulas that explain how objects move when a force acts on them. Newton published his most famous book, Principia, in 1687 while he was a mathematics professor at Trinity College in Cambridge. In Principia, Newton explained three basic laws that govern the way objects move. He also described his theory of gravity, the force that causes things to fall down. Newton then used his laws to show that the planets revolve around the suns in orbits that are oval, not round. The three laws are often called Newton’s Laws. The first law states that an object that is not being pushed or pulled by some force will stay still or will keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed. For example, if someone is riding a bike and jumps off before the bike is stopped, what happens? The bike continues on until it falls over. The tendency of an object to remain still or keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed is called inertia. The second law explains how a force acts on an object. An object accelerates in the direction the force is moving it. If someone gets on a bike and pushes the pedals forward, the bike will begin to move. If someone gives the bike a push from behind, the bike will speed up. If the rider pushes back on the pedals, the bike will slow down. If the rider turns the handlebars, the bike will change direction. The third law states that if an object is pushed or pulled, it will push or pull equally in the opposite direction. If someone lifts a heavy box, they use force to push it up. The box is heavy because it is producing an equal force downward on the lifter’s arms. The weight is transferred through the lifter’s legs to the floor. The floor also presses upward with an equal force. If the floor pushed back with less force, the person lifting the box would fall through the floor. If it pushed back with more force, the lifter would fly up in the air. Importance of Gravity When most people think of Newton, they think of him sitting under an apple tree observing an apple fall to the ground. When he saw the apple fall, Newton began to think about a specific kind of motion called gravity. Newton understood that gravity was a force of attraction between two objects. He also understood that an object with more matter or mass exerted the greater force or pulled smaller objects toward it. That meant that the large mass of the Earth pulled objects toward it. That is why the apple fell down instead of up and why people don’t float in the air. He also thought that maybe gravity was not just limited to the Earth and the objects on the earth. What if gravity extended to the Moon and beyond? Newton calculated the force needed to keep the Moon moving around the earth. Then he compared it with the force that made the apple fall downward. After allowing for the fact that the Moon is much farther from the Earth and has a much greater mass, he discovered that the forces were the same and that the Moon is also held in orbit around Earth by the pull of earth’s gravity. Disputes in Later Years and Death Newton moved to London in 1696 to accept the position of warden of the Royal Mint. For many years afterward, he argued with Robert Hooke over who had actually discovered the connection between elliptical orbits and the inverse square law, a dispute that ended only with Hookes death in 1703. In 1705, Queen Anne bestowed a knighthood upon Newton, and thereafter he was known as Sir Isaac Newton. He continued his work, particularly in mathematics. This led to another dispute in 1709, this time with German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz. They both quarreled over which of them had invented calculus. One reason for Newtons disputes with other scientists was his overwhelming fear of criticism, which led him to write, but then postpone publication of, his brilliant articles until after another scientist created similar work. Besides his earlier writings, De  Analysi (which didnt see publication until 1711) and Principia (published in 1687), Newtons publications included Optics (published in 1704), The Universal Arithmetic (published in 1707), the Lectiones Opticae (published in 1729), the Method of Fluxions (published in 1736), and the Geometrica Analytica (printed in 1779). On March 20, 1727, Newton died near London. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to receive this honor.   Legacy Newton’s calculations changed the way people understood the universe. Prior to Newton, no one had been able to explain why the planets stayed in their orbits. What held them in place? People had thought that the planets were held in place by an invisible shield. Newton proved that they were held in place by the sun’s gravity and that the force of gravity was affected by distance and mass. While he was not the first person to understand that the orbit of a planet was elongated like an oval, he was the first to explain how it worked. Sources â€Å"Isaac Newtons Life.†Ã‚  Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences.â€Å"Isaac Newton Quotes.†Ã‚  BrainyQuote, Xplore.â€Å"Sir Isaac Newton.†Ã‚  StarChild, NASA.

What factors contributed to success (or not) of these major building Essay - 1

What factors contributed to success (or not) of these major building projects - Essay Example A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work. Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management of construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise formally recorded. (bpo.knowledgehills.com). In managing a construction project, it is common to adopt primary emphasis on three basic elements, namely, task, resource and time. They are interrelated, and any alteration in one will affect the other two. The main objective behind time management is to complete the project in minimal time. But this should not be achieved by compromising on the quality or cost factors. It should be taken care that by optimizing performance at any stage does not have an effect on the overall project such that it does not bring in an element of benefit. Even though all these objectives were taken into account while planning The Spinnaker Tower in Portsmouth, some flaws on the part of the managing team brought up a delay in the completion of the project. This was undesirable, in a project of such importance. Until September 2004, the delay that had occurred was as a result of delays with structural steelwork. It was noted that the time required to fabricate massive cruciform steelwork took longer than the estimated time. As all stages of work are interrelated, the delay in the ending of stage one of the construction process, took it’s toll on the starting of stage two, which again caused an unprec edented delay. Further more; to add to the miseries, bad weather was a great hindrance to the smooth proceeding of the activities, thus bringing in more delay. Europes largest glass floor and a glass external lift, â€Å"which caused most of the recent delays to the towers opening date because of safety doubts.†(Lindsay 2005). All these were defects of proper project management, which led to the inefficient utilization of time. All these resulted in the